Regarding the problem of education, the attention of our government still feels very minimal. The picture is reflected in the diversity of an increasingly complex educational problems. The quality of students is still low, less professional instructors, cost of education is expensive, even chaotic rule of the Education Act. The impact of poor education, the future of our country getting worse. This downturn may also result from an average size of budget allocations for education both at the national, provincial, and city and county.
Solving the problems of education should not be done separately, but must be taken measures or actions that are comprehensive. That is, we not only pay attention to the increase in expenditure. Because it's useless, if the quality of human resources and quality of education in Indonesia is still low. Problems organizing Nine-year Compulsory Education is actually still a big homework for us. The fact that we can see that many in the periphery areas that do not have adequate educational facilities. With the abandonment of the nine-year compulsory education program resulted in Indonesia's children are still many who drop out of school before completing their nine-year compulsory education. Under these conditions, when no significant change in policy, it is difficult for this nation out of the educational problems that exist, let alone survive in the competition in the global era.
Ideal conditions in the field of education in Indonesia is that every child can go to school at least until the high school level regardless of their status because that is their right. But it is very difficult to realize at this time. Therefore, at least everyone has the same opportunity to get an education. If you look at the above problems, there was an inequality between the rich and the poor. Seemed to belong only to the rich school just so that people who lack feel inferior to school and hang out with them. Plus publication of the school about scholarships is severely limited.
Free schools in Indonesia should have adequate facilities, competent faculty, appropriate curriculum, and has the administrative and bureaucratic system is good and straightforward. However, in reality, free schools are schools located in remote areas of slums and everything was not able to support the school bench which raised the question, "Is the school for free? If yes, yes fair because it is very worrying. "
Selasa, 05 April 2011
Occurrence Cause Congestion In Indonesia
Congestion! You must immediately imagine the streets filled with various types of vehicles are poor across irregular. Well, indeed it is reasonable jam occurs in developing countries like Indonesia, the question is how policy should be held to react to it. Basically, congestion occurs because urban and commuter mobility is too high but not in Balance with the facilities and infrastructure that memadai.dan if we pull back from the root of this problem, then we will be able to draw the conclusion that congestion problems can not remove with urban problems.
And now you would think, why in Indonesia there are large scale urban exodus to big cities and into the central government. And certainly, the answer is a difficult problem in getting welfare in urban areas of origin itself. So at any time until congestion problem will be a problem for welfare distribution has not been achieved. And if not handled immediately so that one day there will be an extra ordinary stagnation in big cities like Jakarta.
Polarization turnover also underlie this phenomenon. You can imagine, if 90% of the velocity of money still remains in Jakarta, then it would be difficult to get the remaining 10% are scattered in various areas, while pricing policies sometimes do not always follow the percentage of the velocity of money, and certainly the market turmoil will inevitably explode . This is what makes people willing to come to the big city as long as every day they could collect a few pieces of rupiah.
Lifestyle tend to use the vehicle, also make people lazy to walk and expose oneself to the sun panasan though just to have lunch from one building to a restaurant that was in another building. We can see, the highway would be in padati when the hours before lunch and dinner. This is done by thousands of people in big cities and has become a lifestyle that is more often called the hedonic.
The amount of tax for vehicles is also on the value is too small when compared to facilities that must be provided to the vehicle itself. Estimates that we can get a rough count. Tax a car per year is far below the cost of facilities which must be built for that car for a year. Not to mention, it does not include rogue elements in the tax arrears, and manipulation of data and the amount of tax to the corruption by the person concerned.
And now you would think, why in Indonesia there are large scale urban exodus to big cities and into the central government. And certainly, the answer is a difficult problem in getting welfare in urban areas of origin itself. So at any time until congestion problem will be a problem for welfare distribution has not been achieved. And if not handled immediately so that one day there will be an extra ordinary stagnation in big cities like Jakarta.
Polarization turnover also underlie this phenomenon. You can imagine, if 90% of the velocity of money still remains in Jakarta, then it would be difficult to get the remaining 10% are scattered in various areas, while pricing policies sometimes do not always follow the percentage of the velocity of money, and certainly the market turmoil will inevitably explode . This is what makes people willing to come to the big city as long as every day they could collect a few pieces of rupiah.
Lifestyle tend to use the vehicle, also make people lazy to walk and expose oneself to the sun panasan though just to have lunch from one building to a restaurant that was in another building. We can see, the highway would be in padati when the hours before lunch and dinner. This is done by thousands of people in big cities and has become a lifestyle that is more often called the hedonic.
The amount of tax for vehicles is also on the value is too small when compared to facilities that must be provided to the vehicle itself. Estimates that we can get a rough count. Tax a car per year is far below the cost of facilities which must be built for that car for a year. Not to mention, it does not include rogue elements in the tax arrears, and manipulation of data and the amount of tax to the corruption by the person concerned.
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is basically a phenomenon of global temperature increase from year to year because of the greenhouse effect caused by increased emissions of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), dinitrooksida (N2O) and CFC so that the solar energy trapped in the earth's atmosphere. The literature shows increasing global temperatures - including Indonesia - which occurs in the range of 1.5 to 40 Celsius by the end of the 21st century.
Global warming cause widespread and serious impacts to the bio-geophysical environment (such as melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels, expanding deserts, increasing rainfall and flooding, climate change, extinction of certain flora and fauna, migratory fauna and pest diseases, etc. .) While the impact on the socio-economic activities include: (a) disruption of the function of coastal and beach cities, (b) disruption of the functioning of infrastructure and facilities such as roads, ports and airports (c) disruption of settlements, (d) reduction productivity of agricultural land, (e) increased risk of cancer and disease outbreaks, etc.). In this paper, focus is given in anticipation of the two impacts of global warming, namely sea level rise (sea-level rise) and flooding
Global warming cause widespread and serious impacts to the bio-geophysical environment (such as melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels, expanding deserts, increasing rainfall and flooding, climate change, extinction of certain flora and fauna, migratory fauna and pest diseases, etc. .) While the impact on the socio-economic activities include: (a) disruption of the function of coastal and beach cities, (b) disruption of the functioning of infrastructure and facilities such as roads, ports and airports (c) disruption of settlements, (d) reduction productivity of agricultural land, (e) increased risk of cancer and disease outbreaks, etc.). In this paper, focus is given in anticipation of the two impacts of global warming, namely sea level rise (sea-level rise) and flooding
Jumat, 11 Maret 2011
TUGAS LATIHAN SOAL - SOAL
Exercise 1 page 157
I 1. My best friend always helpful with problems.
C 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week.
I 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
C 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
C 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
C 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.
C 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
C 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
I 9. Walking with the children to school.
I 10. The whales headed south for the winter.
Exercise 2 page 158
C 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack.
I 2. By the next meeting of class need to turn in the papers.
I 3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty unclear.
I 4. Because of the heavy rain throught the night, the walkways are muddy.
I 5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafetaria.
I 6. In the morning after the concert was tired.
C 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.
I 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
I 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
C 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside bed rang.
Exercise (skill 1-2) page 158
C 1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.
I 2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
I 3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.
C 4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.
C 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.
I 6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.
C 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.
I 8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.
I 9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
C 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchen are watered
and fest.
Toefl Exercise (Skill 1-2) page 159
1. Mark Twain called the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
2. Early horses had toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. Tundra plants are found grow close to the ground in the short Artic summer.
4. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of occupations.
6. The large carotid artery carrying blood to the main parts of the brain.
7. Marconi developed radio as the first partical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975, the first succesful space probe to venus was beginning to send information back to Earth.
9. The two biggest resort towns in Arkansas are Hot Spring and Eureka Spring.
10. NASA’s Lyndon B.Johnson Space Center was the control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and Appolo space flights.
Exercise 3 page 161
C 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up
I 2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine.
I 3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
C 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.
C 5. For her brithday, the child is getting a talking doll.
C 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
I 7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
C 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
I 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.
I 10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.
Exercise 4 page 162
I 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.
C 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway.
I 3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.
I 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.
I 5. The teacher found the lost exam.
I 6. The small apartement very crowded and disorganized.
I 7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
I 8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
I 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
I 10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
Exercise (Skill 3-4) page 163
C 1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
I 2. The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.
C 3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
I 4. The winners deserved the big prize.
C 5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.
I 6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
I 7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
I 8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.
C 9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
C 10. The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.
Toefl exercise (Skill 3-4) page163
1. The first flower are plants appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign.
2. The earliest medicines were obtained from plants of various sorts.
3. Simple sails were made from canvas stretched over a frame.
4. Pluto’s moon Charon is moving in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.
5. Technique of breath control form an essential part of any trains program to improve the voice.
6. Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse.
7. The pituitary gland, found below the brain, releases hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences are containing three or four words.
9. Multinational companies are finding it increasingly important to employ internasionally acceptable brand names.
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on the exposed part of the eye.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-4) page 164
1. The Polynesians first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D. 300 and 750.
2. In 1066, a bright comet was appearing in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some daguerreotype cameras, the object was viewed through a hole in the back of the box.
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools were polished with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic it was the Savannah, in 1819.
6. The Earth’s plates meet each other at crack in the Earth were called faults.
7. The first plant-like organisms probably lived in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness, heredity has strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles makes a fascinating attempt to explain America’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of Massachusetts is a succession of bays and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cad peninsula in the southeast.
Exercise 5 page 166
C 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
I 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.
I 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.
C 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
I 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
C 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.
C 7. The furnance broke so the house got quite cold.
C 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.
C 9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept ranking them up, but the yard was still covered.
C 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.
Exercise 6 page 168
C 1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.
I 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.
C 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
C 4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
I 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
C 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
C 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house.
I 8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.
C 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
I 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the small details will not cause problems.
Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169
C 1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.
C 2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
I 3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
C 4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
C 5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
C 6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
C 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.
C 8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must approve it.
I 9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.
C 10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169
1. A spacecraft is freed from friction after it is launched into space.
2. Because lobsters blend with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.
3. While the shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
4. A car has several section with moving parts, well lubricated of those parts is essential.
5. Bears cannot see well because they have small eyes.
6. A land bridge existed at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.
7. Although the Empire State Building is built mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate as sound waves enter the ear.
9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope can magnify as much as a million times.
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, the collision of the Canon Diablo meteorite with the Earth about 20,000 years ago.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) page 170
1. The economic activity of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm with a large amount of wind is called a blizzard.
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, it can also be produced by fission.
4. If the temperature is high, igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler announced his plans to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea to Key West.
6. The sound comes from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibrations.
7. During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were electrified through the use of large motors.
8. Biscayne National Park encompasses almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.
9. Legislation was passed in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administration authority to intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.
10. Because a family of birds set up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were in need of a place to stay, so the home was named the Wren’s Nest.
Exercise 7 page 172
C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
I 2. She told me when should pick her up.
C 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
C 4. We could not belive what he did to us.
I 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?
C 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.
I 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
I 8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.
C 9. The map showed where the party would be held.
I 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?
Exercise 8 page 174
C 1. The teacher heard who answered the question.
I 2. I do not understand what it went wrong.
I 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.
I 4. She did not remember who in her class.
I 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
I 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
C 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die?
C 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.
C 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.
I 10. She saw what in the box in the closet.
Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 174
I 1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
C 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
C 3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.
I 4. I will do what does it need to be done.
I 5. We forgot when did the movie start.
C 6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.
C 7. The children knew which the best game to play.
C 8. The advison informed her that needed to add another class.
C 9. He saw who took the money.
C 10. It is unclear how the window got broken.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 175
1. Today the true story of what happening at Little Bignorn remains a mystery.
2. For more than a decade, bird-watchers have warned that certain species are becoming scarce.
3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accurately predicted when the comet of 1682 would return.
4. No single factor explains why aging has an effect vary so greatly among individuals.
5. Back of clarity about who will lead the party in the coming year will be removed at the party’s convention.
6. We do not know whether the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.
7. Minute man National Historical Park is a monument to where the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
8. Test on the colors of cars were conducate at the Universitas of California to determine which the safest colors for cars.
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates for school children in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how with green plants are able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) page 176
1. Air near the equator to have a faster west-to-east motion than air farther from the equator.
2. About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that the ability of metallic obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. In the degradation of DNA quickly after an animal dies.
4. Improvement acrodynamic design has contributed a major part in reancing resistance to motion.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the winter than the northern part, so more touring flocks to the south.
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what causing tides to occur.
7. As glaciers move, they pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evoled from the chains measure used by the Egyptians.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near the Africa coast.
10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex are individual units.
Exercise 9 page 178
C 1. I did not believe the story that he told me.
I 2. Ms. Brown whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.
C 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.
C 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended.
C 5. The phone number that you gave me.
I 6. She is able to solve all the problem which did she cause.
I 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.
I 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousin, whom have not seen in several years.
I 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?
I 10. The teacher whom the student like the most is their history teacher.
Exercise 10 page 180
C 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
I 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.
C 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
C 4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
I 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the building on Mapel Street.
C 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.
C 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
I 8. The people which came in late had to sit at back.
I 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.
C 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.
Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181
C 1. My sister prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
C 2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
C 3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
I 4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
I 5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
C 6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.
C 7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
C 8. The students have to read all the chapter which are on the test.
I 9. I really do not like the artist which you like.
C 10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181
1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, were called Homo sapiens.
2. The first writing that we have evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
3. They are succulents drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom most people know as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and televisoion.
5. Dinosaurus are known that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who had become farsighted.
7. Chimney Rock, which stand 500 feet above the North Platte River, Has eroded considerably in the last two centuries.
8. The hormones change that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone denisty.
9. Willa Cather is an author whom readers praise for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie life.
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is small mountain of rock that was probably captured from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational pult.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-10) page 182
1. Because Annapolis is famous as the home of the United State Naval Academy.
2. Some scientists think that pluto might not be a planet but a moon of Neptune.
3. With the appearance of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
4. Fort Union was the site of what being the principal fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River.
5. Since moving faces commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.
6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then it crosses the North Atlantic toward Europe.
7. Systems using the two symbols 0 and 1 are called binary number systems.
8. Genes, which are the blueprints for cell construction, exist in hightly organized packages called chromosomes.
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases held in place arround the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with a number of composers including Jerome Kern, whom was joined in writing the musical Show Boat.
I 1. My best friend always helpful with problems.
C 2. The bus schedule has changed since last week.
I 3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
C 4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
C 5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
C 6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.
C 7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
C 8. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
I 9. Walking with the children to school.
I 10. The whales headed south for the winter.
Exercise 2 page 158
C 1. The name of the baby in the crib is Jack.
I 2. By the next meeting of class need to turn in the papers.
I 3. The directions to the exercise on page twenty unclear.
I 4. Because of the heavy rain throught the night, the walkways are muddy.
I 5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafetaria.
I 6. In the morning after the concert was tired.
C 7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.
I 8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
I 9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
C 10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside bed rang.
Exercise (skill 1-2) page 158
C 1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.
I 2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
I 3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.
C 4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.
C 5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.
I 6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.
C 7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.
I 8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.
I 9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
C 10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchen are watered
and fest.
Toefl Exercise (Skill 1-2) page 159
1. Mark Twain called the years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
2. Early horses had toes instead of hooves on their feet.
3. Tundra plants are found grow close to the ground in the short Artic summer.
4. In 1867, the United States purchased Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of occupations.
6. The large carotid artery carrying blood to the main parts of the brain.
7. Marconi developed radio as the first partical system of wireless telegraphy.
8. In 1975, the first succesful space probe to venus was beginning to send information back to Earth.
9. The two biggest resort towns in Arkansas are Hot Spring and Eureka Spring.
10. NASA’s Lyndon B.Johnson Space Center was the control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and Appolo space flights.
Exercise 3 page 161
C 1. The crying baby needs to be picked up
I 2. The clothes are lying on the floor should go into the washing machine.
I 3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
C 4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.
C 5. For her brithday, the child is getting a talking doll.
C 6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
I 7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
C 8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
I 9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.
I 10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.
Exercise 4 page 162
I 1. The food is served in this restaurant is delicious.
C 2. The plane landed on the deserted runway.
I 3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnertime.
I 4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.
I 5. The teacher found the lost exam.
I 6. The small apartement very crowded and disorganized.
I 7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
I 8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
I 9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
I 10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
Exercise (Skill 3-4) page 163
C 1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
I 2. The tired woman taking a much-needed nap.
C 3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
I 4. The winners deserved the big prize.
C 5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.
I 6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
I 7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
I 8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow.
C 9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
C 10. The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.
Toefl exercise (Skill 3-4) page163
1. The first flower are plants appeared during the last period of the dinosaurs’ reign.
2. The earliest medicines were obtained from plants of various sorts.
3. Simple sails were made from canvas stretched over a frame.
4. Pluto’s moon Charon is moving in a slightly elliptical path around the planet.
5. Technique of breath control form an essential part of any trains program to improve the voice.
6. Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to General Grant in 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse.
7. The pituitary gland, found below the brain, releases hormones to control other glands.
8. At around two years of age, many children regularly produce sentences are containing three or four words.
9. Multinational companies are finding it increasingly important to employ internasionally acceptable brand names.
10. The cornea is located under the conjunctiva, on the exposed part of the eye.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-4) page 164
1. The Polynesians first settled the Hawaiian Islands between A.D. 300 and 750.
2. In 1066, a bright comet was appearing in the sky attracted much attention.
3. In some daguerreotype cameras, the object was viewed through a hole in the back of the box.
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools were polished with other rock materials.
5. The first steamship to cross the Atlantic it was the Savannah, in 1819.
6. The Earth’s plates meet each other at crack in the Earth were called faults.
7. The first plant-like organisms probably lived in the sea, perhaps three billion years ago.
8. In male pattern baldness, heredity has strongly influences the degree of hair loss.
9. In Watch the Skies, Curtis Peebles makes a fascinating attempt to explain America’s belief in flying saucers.
10. The irregular coastline of Massachusetts is a succession of bays and inlets, with the hook of the Cape Cad peninsula in the southeast.
Exercise 5 page 166
C 1. The lawn needs water every day, or it will turn brown.
I 2. The book was not long, but it difficult to read.
I 3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.
C 4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
I 5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
C 6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will turned off.
C 7. The furnance broke so the house got quite cold.
C 8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.
C 9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept ranking them up, but the yard was still covered.
C 10. The postman has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow.
Exercise 6 page 168
C 1. After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.
I 2. The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.
C 3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
C 4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
I 5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
C 6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
C 7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the new house.
I 8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.
C 9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
I 10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time because the small details will not cause problems.
Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169
C 1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.
C 2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
I 3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a week.
C 4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
C 5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
C 6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
C 7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.
C 8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due, and must approve it.
I 9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the kitchen.
C 10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car over.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 5-6) page 169
1. A spacecraft is freed from friction after it is launched into space.
2. Because lobsters blend with their surroundings, or they hide in crevices for protection.
3. While the shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, the elbow is a simple hinge joint.
4. A car has several section with moving parts, well lubricated of those parts is essential.
5. Bears cannot see well because they have small eyes.
6. A land bridge existed at the Isthmus of Panama, so animals were able to migrate between North and South America.
7. Although the Empire State Building is built mostly made of granite, it also contains some human-made materials.
8. Pressure differences make the eardrum vibrate as sound waves enter the ear.
9. An optical microscope magnifies as much as 2,000 times, but an electron microscope can magnify as much as a million times.
10. If scientific estimates are accurate, the collision of the Canon Diablo meteorite with the Earth about 20,000 years ago.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-6) page 170
1. The economic activity of the Pueblo Indians centered on intensive agriculture.
2. In popular terminology, any long snowstorm with a large amount of wind is called a blizzard.
3. Nuclear power can be produced by fusion, it can also be produced by fission.
4. If the temperature is high, igneous rocks may be changed into gneisses.
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler announced his plans to extend his Florida East Coast Railway out across the sea to Key West.
6. The sound comes from a vibrating object will be high or low depending on the number of vibrations.
7. During the late 1880s, urban streetcars were electrified through the use of large motors.
8. Biscayne National Park encompasses almost 274 square miles, but 96 percent of the park is under water.
9. Legislation was passed in 1916 and 1917 gave the Wilson administration authority to intervene in the national economy if it proved necessary.
10. Because a family of birds set up housekeeping in Joel Chandler Harris’s mailbox when the birds were in need of a place to stay, so the home was named the Wren’s Nest.
Exercise 7 page 172
C 1. It is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
I 2. She told me when should pick her up.
C 3. The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
C 4. We could not belive what he did to us.
I 5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?
C 6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.
I 7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
I 8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.
C 9. The map showed where the party would be held.
I 10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?
Exercise 8 page 174
C 1. The teacher heard who answered the question.
I 2. I do not understand what it went wrong.
I 3. Of the three movies, I can’t decide which is the best.
I 4. She did not remember who in her class.
I 5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
I 6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
C 7. Do you know what caused the plants to die?
C 8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.
C 9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.
I 10. She saw what in the box in the closet.
Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 174
I 1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
C 2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
C 3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.
I 4. I will do what does it need to be done.
I 5. We forgot when did the movie start.
C 6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.
C 7. The children knew which the best game to play.
C 8. The advison informed her that needed to add another class.
C 9. He saw who took the money.
C 10. It is unclear how the window got broken.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 7-8) page 175
1. Today the true story of what happening at Little Bignorn remains a mystery.
2. For more than a decade, bird-watchers have warned that certain species are becoming scarce.
3. Early in the eighteenth century, Halley accurately predicted when the comet of 1682 would return.
4. No single factor explains why aging has an effect vary so greatly among individuals.
5. Back of clarity about who will lead the party in the coming year will be removed at the party’s convention.
6. We do not know whether the bow drill was first developed for woodworking or fire making.
7. Minute man National Historical Park is a monument to where the beginning of the Revolutionary War.
8. Test on the colors of cars were conducate at the Universitas of California to determine which the safest colors for cars.
9. The National Institute of Dental Research estimates for school children in fluoridated areas have about 25 percent less tooth decay than children elsewhere.
10. The process of photosynthesis explains how with green plants are able to use the energy in sunlight to manufacture foods from the simple chemicals in air and water.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-8) page 176
1. Air near the equator to have a faster west-to-east motion than air farther from the equator.
2. About 4000 B.C., humans discovered that the ability of metallic obtained from special rocks called ores.
3. In the degradation of DNA quickly after an animal dies.
4. Improvement acrodynamic design has contributed a major part in reancing resistance to motion.
5. The southern part of Florida is much warmer in the winter than the northern part, so more touring flocks to the south.
6. The Moon’s gravity pulls water on the near side of the Earth toward the Moon, and this is what causing tides to occur.
7. As glaciers move, they pick up fragments of rock which become frozen into the base of the ice.
8. The tape measure first evoled from the chains measure used by the Egyptians.
9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a low pressure system near the Africa coast.
10. It is not clear whether the subdivisions of the neocortex are individual units.
Exercise 9 page 178
C 1. I did not believe the story that he told me.
I 2. Ms. Brown whom did you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.
C 3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearly written.
C 4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser whom you recommended.
C 5. The phone number that you gave me.
I 6. She is able to solve all the problem which did she cause.
I 7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.
I 8. Next week I am going to visit my cousin, whom have not seen in several years.
I 9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?
I 10. The teacher whom the student like the most is their history teacher.
Exercise 10 page 180
C 1. The children that were vaccinated did not get sick.
I 2. I did not vote for the politician who he just won the election.
C 3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
C 4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
I 5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the building on Mapel Street.
C 6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 11:00.
C 7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
I 8. The people which came in late had to sit at back.
I 9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.
C 10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.
Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181
C 1. My sister prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
C 2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
C 3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
I 4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
I 5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
C 6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put away.
C 7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
C 8. The students have to read all the chapter which are on the test.
I 9. I really do not like the artist which you like.
C 10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
Toefl Exercise (Skills 9-10) page 181
1. Modern humans, who first appeared about 600,000 years ago, were called Homo sapiens.
2. The first writing that we have evidence of is on Mesopotamian clay tablets.
3. They are succulents drought-resistant plants which store water in fleshy tissue.
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom most people know as Jack Benny, was a famous comedian in vaudeville and on radio and televisoion.
5. Dinosaurus are known that hunted other animals tended to have very narrow, sharp, curved claws.
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses for the aged who had become farsighted.
7. Chimney Rock, which stand 500 feet above the North Platte River, Has eroded considerably in the last two centuries.
8. The hormones change that accompany recurring bouts of severe depression reduce bone denisty.
9. Willa Cather is an author whom readers praise for her evocative and memorable vision of frontier prairie life.
10. Mars’s tiny moon Phobos is small mountain of rock that was probably captured from the asteroid belt by Mars’s gravitational pult.
Toefl Review Exercise (Skills 1-10) page 182
1. Because Annapolis is famous as the home of the United State Naval Academy.
2. Some scientists think that pluto might not be a planet but a moon of Neptune.
3. With the appearance of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
4. Fort Union was the site of what being the principal fur-trading post on the upper Missouri River.
5. Since moving faces commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.
6. A current of water known as the Gulf Stream comes up from the Gulf of Mexico, and then it crosses the North Atlantic toward Europe.
7. Systems using the two symbols 0 and 1 are called binary number systems.
8. Genes, which are the blueprints for cell construction, exist in hightly organized packages called chromosomes.
9. The Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases held in place arround the Earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated with a number of composers including Jerome Kern, whom was joined in writing the musical Show Boat.
TOEFL
Many high education institutions or institution working in domestic and foreign demand professionalism of English language the candidate who origin language is not English. One of the measuring devices is TOEFL. TOEFL stands for " Test Of English as a Foreign Language " which was introduced in 1960 by Educational Testing Services (ETS) in New Jersey (USA). TOEFL is one way of testing the English language to use measure the proficiency level or the mastery of one's English language, oral and written for those do not use English as mother language (non - native speakers). Have a TOEFL score of a necessity for those who want to get a study scholarship in USA, UK, Australia, Malaysia, Dutch, German and university that requires TOEFL as one of the main requirements.
TOEFL is a standardized English language ability of a person in writing includes four the mastery aspects of speaking, listening, writing and reading. TOEFL is also an English proficiency test required to apply for entry to university in the United States or other countries in the world. This test is necessary for the registrant or his native language speakers not use English. TOEFL test is organized by the office of ETS (Educational Testing Service) in the United States to test all participants in the world. TOEFL test generally required for entry college requirements in all universities in the United States and Canada for both undergraduate program (S1) or graduate (S2 or S3). TOEFL test results are also used as a material consideration of English language proficiency of candidats students who apply to universities in other countries, including universities in Europe and Australia.
In general, the TOEFL test is more oriented to American English and a few different types with IELTS test which is oriented to the British English. Unlike the IELTS test, TOEFL test is generally not have parts of the individual interview test. This test is usually divided into four parts is listening comprehension section, grammatical structure and written expression, reading comprehension, and writing. But there are also devided three part test that is Listening, Structure, and Reading and Vocabulary. Structure in the TOEFL test includes a test of knowledge, skills and mastery of English. There are two types of TOEFL tests that can be done, the first is Computer-Based Test (CBT) and the second is a Paper-Based Test (PBT). In general, there was no significant difference in terms of the test material.
Computer-Based Test (CBT) and Paper-Based Test (PBT) focus on three important tests that indicate English proficiency like the Listening, Structure, and Reading. Fundamental difference of the two types of tests is the CBT test using computer media but nothing PBT. Another difference is the scale value of the TOEFL test, CBT Scale is the value at 000 - 300, while the PBT is 310 - 677. The value for the version of the TOEFL test results PBT (paper-based test) ranged between 310 (minimum value) to 677 (maximum value). TOEFL has two general purpose was academic and general. Academic purpose is to use tests for purposes of education, research or related academic activities in the country and abroad. TOEFL score has been recognized internationally important for certain education level in Indonesia and a career in multinational companies usually require a score of 500 - 600.
To graduate is usually the minimum value is 550 while for undergraduate is 500. General purpose is generally used for the purpose of employment, promotion or job assignment. Many companies view their employees with the standard English language used TOEFL scores. Generally, a minimum TOEFL score is 500 for a standard promoted. In the same form, TOEFL certification recommendation can use for both. The range of TOEFL scores average Indonesian people with minimal education level S1 is very fluctuation. There are some who do not know what and for what it is TOEFL. Not so with the decision English in college, least they know what TOEFL. However, TOEFL score of a student or graduate English does not guarantee high. In general, fluctuations in the average TOEFL score rating ranges from 300 to 600. TOEFL scoring system using the conversion of correct answer. The highest TOEFL score one can achieve is 675.
TOEFL is a standardized English language ability of a person in writing includes four the mastery aspects of speaking, listening, writing and reading. TOEFL is also an English proficiency test required to apply for entry to university in the United States or other countries in the world. This test is necessary for the registrant or his native language speakers not use English. TOEFL test is organized by the office of ETS (Educational Testing Service) in the United States to test all participants in the world. TOEFL test generally required for entry college requirements in all universities in the United States and Canada for both undergraduate program (S1) or graduate (S2 or S3). TOEFL test results are also used as a material consideration of English language proficiency of candidats students who apply to universities in other countries, including universities in Europe and Australia.
In general, the TOEFL test is more oriented to American English and a few different types with IELTS test which is oriented to the British English. Unlike the IELTS test, TOEFL test is generally not have parts of the individual interview test. This test is usually divided into four parts is listening comprehension section, grammatical structure and written expression, reading comprehension, and writing. But there are also devided three part test that is Listening, Structure, and Reading and Vocabulary. Structure in the TOEFL test includes a test of knowledge, skills and mastery of English. There are two types of TOEFL tests that can be done, the first is Computer-Based Test (CBT) and the second is a Paper-Based Test (PBT). In general, there was no significant difference in terms of the test material.
Computer-Based Test (CBT) and Paper-Based Test (PBT) focus on three important tests that indicate English proficiency like the Listening, Structure, and Reading. Fundamental difference of the two types of tests is the CBT test using computer media but nothing PBT. Another difference is the scale value of the TOEFL test, CBT Scale is the value at 000 - 300, while the PBT is 310 - 677. The value for the version of the TOEFL test results PBT (paper-based test) ranged between 310 (minimum value) to 677 (maximum value). TOEFL has two general purpose was academic and general. Academic purpose is to use tests for purposes of education, research or related academic activities in the country and abroad. TOEFL score has been recognized internationally important for certain education level in Indonesia and a career in multinational companies usually require a score of 500 - 600.
To graduate is usually the minimum value is 550 while for undergraduate is 500. General purpose is generally used for the purpose of employment, promotion or job assignment. Many companies view their employees with the standard English language used TOEFL scores. Generally, a minimum TOEFL score is 500 for a standard promoted. In the same form, TOEFL certification recommendation can use for both. The range of TOEFL scores average Indonesian people with minimal education level S1 is very fluctuation. There are some who do not know what and for what it is TOEFL. Not so with the decision English in college, least they know what TOEFL. However, TOEFL score of a student or graduate English does not guarantee high. In general, fluctuations in the average TOEFL score rating ranges from 300 to 600. TOEFL scoring system using the conversion of correct answer. The highest TOEFL score one can achieve is 675.
Minggu, 19 Desember 2010
Pengertian Etika bisnis
Pengertian Etika
Etika berasal dari dari kata Yunani ‘Ethos’ (jamak – ta etha), berarti adat istiadat, Etika berkaitan dengan kebiasaan hidup yang baik, baik pada diri seseorang maupun pada suatu masyarakat. Etika berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai, tatacara hidup yg baik, aturan hidup yg baik dan segala kebiasaan yg dianut dan diwariskan dari satu orang ke orang yang lain atau dari satu generasi ke generasi yg lain
Pengertian etika = moralitas
Moralitas berasal dari kata Latin Mos (jamak – Mores) berarti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan. Pengertian harfiah dari etika dan moralitas, sama-sama berarti sistem nilai tentang bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia yang telah diinstitusionalisasikan dalam sebuah adat kebiasaan yang kemudian terwujud dalam pola perilaku yang ajek dan terulang dalam kurun waktu yang lama sebagaimana laiknya sebuah kebiasaan
Etika sebagai Filsafat Moral
Etika sebagai filsafat moral tidak langsung memberi perintah konkret sebagai pegangan siap pakai. Etika dapat dirumuskan sebagai refleksi kritis dan rasional mengenai
a. Nilai dan norma yang menyangkut bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia
b. Masalah kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada nilai dan norma moral yang umum diterima
Etika sebagai sebuah ilmu
yang terutama menitikberatkan refleksi kritis dan rasional, seperti diberikut
a. Mempersoalkan apakah nilai dan norma moral tertentu memang harus dilaksanakan dalam situasi konkret terutama yang dihadapi seseorang, atau
b. Etika mempersoalkan apakah suatu tindakan yang kelihatan bertentangan dengan nilai dan norma moral tertentu harus dianggap sebagai tindakan yang tidak etis dan karena itu dikutuk atau justru sebaliknya
c. Apakah dalam situasi konkret yang saya hadapi saya memang harus bertindak sesuai dengan norma yang ada dalam masyarakatku ataukah justru sebaliknya saya dapat dibenarkan untuk bertindak sebaliknya yang bahkan melawan nilai dan norma moral tertentu.
1. Etika Terapan
Etika sebagai Refleksi adalah pemikiran moral. Etika sbg refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dg mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai moral yg ada di satu pihak dan situasi khusus dari bidang kehidupan dan kegiatan khusus yg dilakukan setiap orang atau kelompok orang dlm suatu masyarakat. Dalam etika sebagai refleksi kita berfikir tentang apa yang dilakukan dari khususnya tentang apa yang harus dilakukan atau tidak boleh dilakukan.Etika sebagai refleksi menyoroti dan menilai baik buruknya perilaku orang. Etika dalam arti ini dapat dijalankan pada taraf populer maupun ilmiah
1. BISNIS DAN ETIKA.
Mitos Bisnis Amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali Etika justru bertentangan dengan bisnis dan akan membuat pelaku bisnis kalah dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat Orang bisnis tidak perlu memperhatikan imbauan-imbauan, norma-norma dan nilai moral
2. Argumen:
Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang
Aturan yang dipakai dalam permainan penuh persaingan, berbeda dari aturan yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sosial sehingga tidak bisa dinilai dengan aturan moral dan sosial
Orang bisnis yang mau mematuhi aturan moral atau etika akan berada pada posisi yang tidak menguntungkan
1.Etika Utilitarianisme Dalam Bisnis
•Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
•Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
•Utilitarianisme Sebagai Proses dan Standar Penilaian
•Analisa Keuntungan dan Kerugian
•Kelemahan Etika Utilitarianisme
Etika Utilitarianisme
•Dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Jeremi Bentham (1748 -1832).
•Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.
2.Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
a.Pertama, MANFAAT
b.Kedua, MANFAAT TERBESAR
c.Ketiga, MANFAAT TERBESAR BAGI SEBANYAK MUNGKIN ORANG
3.Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
•Pertama, Rasionalitas.
•Kedua, Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral.
•Ketiga, Universalitas.
Utilitarianisme sbg proses dan sebagai Standar Penilaian
•Pertama, etika utilitarianisme digunakan sbg proses untuk mengambil keputusan, kebijaksanaan atau untuk bertindak.
•Kedua, etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijaksanaan yang telah dilakukan.
Etika berasal dari dari kata Yunani ‘Ethos’ (jamak – ta etha), berarti adat istiadat, Etika berkaitan dengan kebiasaan hidup yang baik, baik pada diri seseorang maupun pada suatu masyarakat. Etika berkaitan dengan nilai-nilai, tatacara hidup yg baik, aturan hidup yg baik dan segala kebiasaan yg dianut dan diwariskan dari satu orang ke orang yang lain atau dari satu generasi ke generasi yg lain
Pengertian etika = moralitas
Moralitas berasal dari kata Latin Mos (jamak – Mores) berarti adat istiadat atau kebiasaan. Pengertian harfiah dari etika dan moralitas, sama-sama berarti sistem nilai tentang bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia yang telah diinstitusionalisasikan dalam sebuah adat kebiasaan yang kemudian terwujud dalam pola perilaku yang ajek dan terulang dalam kurun waktu yang lama sebagaimana laiknya sebuah kebiasaan
Etika sebagai Filsafat Moral
Etika sebagai filsafat moral tidak langsung memberi perintah konkret sebagai pegangan siap pakai. Etika dapat dirumuskan sebagai refleksi kritis dan rasional mengenai
a. Nilai dan norma yang menyangkut bagaimana manusia harus hidup baik sebagai manusia
b. Masalah kehidupan manusia dengan mendasarkan diri pada nilai dan norma moral yang umum diterima
Etika sebagai sebuah ilmu
yang terutama menitikberatkan refleksi kritis dan rasional, seperti diberikut
a. Mempersoalkan apakah nilai dan norma moral tertentu memang harus dilaksanakan dalam situasi konkret terutama yang dihadapi seseorang, atau
b. Etika mempersoalkan apakah suatu tindakan yang kelihatan bertentangan dengan nilai dan norma moral tertentu harus dianggap sebagai tindakan yang tidak etis dan karena itu dikutuk atau justru sebaliknya
c. Apakah dalam situasi konkret yang saya hadapi saya memang harus bertindak sesuai dengan norma yang ada dalam masyarakatku ataukah justru sebaliknya saya dapat dibenarkan untuk bertindak sebaliknya yang bahkan melawan nilai dan norma moral tertentu.
1. Etika Terapan
Etika sebagai Refleksi adalah pemikiran moral. Etika sbg refleksi krisis rasional meneropongi dan merefleksi kehidupan manusia dg mendasarkan diri pada norma dan nilai moral yg ada di satu pihak dan situasi khusus dari bidang kehidupan dan kegiatan khusus yg dilakukan setiap orang atau kelompok orang dlm suatu masyarakat. Dalam etika sebagai refleksi kita berfikir tentang apa yang dilakukan dari khususnya tentang apa yang harus dilakukan atau tidak boleh dilakukan.Etika sebagai refleksi menyoroti dan menilai baik buruknya perilaku orang. Etika dalam arti ini dapat dijalankan pada taraf populer maupun ilmiah
1. BISNIS DAN ETIKA.
Mitos Bisnis Amoral
Mengungkapkan suatu keyakinan bahwa antara bisnis dan moralitas atau etika tidak ada hubungan sama sekali Etika justru bertentangan dengan bisnis dan akan membuat pelaku bisnis kalah dalam persaingan bisnis yang ketat Orang bisnis tidak perlu memperhatikan imbauan-imbauan, norma-norma dan nilai moral
2. Argumen:
Bisnis adalah suatu persaingan, sehingga pelaku bisnis harus berusaha dengan segala cara dan upaya untuk bisa menang
Aturan yang dipakai dalam permainan penuh persaingan, berbeda dari aturan yang dikenal dalam kehidupan sosial sehingga tidak bisa dinilai dengan aturan moral dan sosial
Orang bisnis yang mau mematuhi aturan moral atau etika akan berada pada posisi yang tidak menguntungkan
1.Etika Utilitarianisme Dalam Bisnis
•Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
•Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
•Utilitarianisme Sebagai Proses dan Standar Penilaian
•Analisa Keuntungan dan Kerugian
•Kelemahan Etika Utilitarianisme
Etika Utilitarianisme
•Dikembangkan pertama kali oleh Jeremi Bentham (1748 -1832).
•Adalah tentang bagaimana menilai baik buruknya suatu kebijaksanaan sosial politik, ekonomi dan legal secara moral.
2.Kriteria dan Prinsip Etika Utilitarianisme
a.Pertama, MANFAAT
b.Kedua, MANFAAT TERBESAR
c.Ketiga, MANFAAT TERBESAR BAGI SEBANYAK MUNGKIN ORANG
3.Nilai Positif Etika Utilitarianisme
•Pertama, Rasionalitas.
•Kedua, Utilitarianisme sangat menghargai kebebasan setiap pelaku moral.
•Ketiga, Universalitas.
Utilitarianisme sbg proses dan sebagai Standar Penilaian
•Pertama, etika utilitarianisme digunakan sbg proses untuk mengambil keputusan, kebijaksanaan atau untuk bertindak.
•Kedua, etika utilitarianisme sebagai standar penilaian bagi tindakan atau kebijaksanaan yang telah dilakukan.
Sabtu, 13 November 2010
Norma Moral
Norma Moral, yaitu aturan mengenai sikap dan perilaku manusia sebagai manusia.
Norma moral ini menyangkut aturan tentang baik buruknya, adil tidaknya tindakan dan perilaku manusia sejauh ia dilihat sebagai manusia.
Kesimpulan :
Norma moral dalam etika bisnis mengambarkan sikap dan perilaku manusia sebagai manusia
Norma moral ini menyangkut aturan tentang baik buruknya, adil tidaknya tindakan dan perilaku manusia sejauh ia dilihat sebagai manusia.
Kesimpulan :
Norma moral dalam etika bisnis mengambarkan sikap dan perilaku manusia sebagai manusia
Langganan:
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